Design Ideas

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Adjust power-efficient LED switch to any light intensity
You can use an LED as a photoelectric sensor. A previous Design Idea shows that such a switch is highly power-efficient, consuming almost no power (Reference 1). However, you cannot adjust that configuration to switch at the desired light intensity. You can adjust the circuit in this Design Idea to any threshold level of light intensity necessary to maintain the on state of the photoelectric switch while retaining almost the same power efficiency of the original circuit (Figure 1).



Illuminating the reverse-biased green LED with ambient light causes the small current that flows through the LED to form the base current of the BC549 NPN transistor, which is amplified and passed on to the base of the BC177 PNP transistor. A magnified version of this current flows through the emitter of the BC177. The voltage drop across the emitter resistor depends on its value and the current flowing through it, which in turn determines the voltage drop across the CE terminals of the BC549.

By adjusting the value of the series emitter resistor you can set a voltage corresponding to logic zero of a CMOS gate for any desired intensity of light falling on the green LED. This intensity depends heavily on the response of the green LED and the current gains of the two transistors, so you select the resistor value by shorting out combinations of the series string of resistors and use the 10-MΩ potentiometer as a fine adjustment. Once you find a suitable value, you can remove the unused resistors from your circuit.

When the ambient light intensity falls below this level, both the base current of the BC549 and the current through the emitter series resistors decrease. This decrease raises the input voltage at the CD4011 logic gate higher than the CMOS switching threshold. The typical gate sourcing current at a 3V output is approximately 3 to 4 mA per gate; running three gates in parallel delivers approximately 10 mA to the white LED. You can use inverting or noninverting gates for the same result. The circuit still retains its power efficiency because the required series-resistor values normally exceed 10 MΩ.

You can check a green LED’s suitability for use as a photodiode by measuring the voltage drop across the LED with a 200-mV digital multimeter. If the LED is suitable as a photoelectric sensor, you will see a voltage of 0.3 to 1 mV across it, and this voltage changes with the intensity of light falling on the LED.

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Reference
1. Baddi, Raju R, “Use LEDs as photodiodes,” EDN, Nov 18, 2010, pg 45.

Use LEDs as photodiodes

The simple circuit in Figure 1, which can be powered with a 3.6V nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery, lets you use an LED to detect light. The circuit consumes practically no quiescent power. Two LEDs act as photodiodes to detect and respond to ambient light. When ambient light is present, the upper LED, a small, red, transparent device covered with a black pipe, has a higher effective resistance than the lower, large, green LED. The voltage drop across the input of the NAND gate is less than its threshold voltage for logic 1, making the output of the NAND gate low. When the ambient light goes off, the voltage drop across the reverse-biased green LED increases, forcing the NAND gate’s output high.

This type of light detector is highly power-efficient and is ideal for battery applications. You can use the NAND gate’s logic output to drive an LED driver or a relay driver, or you can connect it to a microcontroller.

Place the circuit so that sufficient light falls on the green sensor LED. Doing so avoids any voltage buildup near the junction that could be close to the NAND gate’s threshold voltage. The NAND gate’s power consumption rises sharply at the threshold voltage. When the gate’s input voltage is within the defined limits for the logic state, its power consumption is extremely small.